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Ecologically based invasive plant management
Ecologically-based invasive plant management (EBIPM) is a decision-making framework to improve the management of invasive plant species. When land managers are faced with infestations of invasive plants, a step by step framework to develop integrated management plans will improve their success at managing these plants. EBIPM is founded on the principles of ecology to manage invasive weed infesations and restore landscapes. The framework combines an ecosystem health assessment (Rangeland Health Assessment),a method to recognize how ecological processes affect causes of succession, ecological principles to guide the choices of tools and strategies to manage invasive plants and how to use adaptive management to generate a step-by-step ( decision model ).〔James, Jeremy J., Smith, Brenda S., Vasquez, Edward A., and Sheley, Roger L. "Principles for Ecologically Based Invasive Plant Management". Invasive Plant Science and Management 3:229-239, 2010, p. 230〕 The focus of EBIPM is to encourage managers to move away from simply killing the weeds and move toward management efforts that repair the underlying causes of invasion.〔Sheley, R., James, J., Smith, B., and Vasquez, E. "Applying Ecologically Based Invasive-Plant Management". Rangeland Ecology & Management, November 2010, 63:605-613, p. 606〕
EBIPM guides users through a 5-step process that begins with (step 1) an assessment of rangeland health to (step 2) determine why invasive species are present and what ecological processes are in need of repair. Managers can then (step 3) use ecological principles as targets to (step 4) choose the appropriate tools and strategies that will give them the best chances of successful and lasting results.〔Sheley, R., James, J., Smith, B., and Vasquez, E. "Applying Ecologically Based Invasive-Plant Management". Rangeland Ecology & Management, November 2010, 63:605-613, p. 607〕 The final step in the EBIPM process is to use adaptive management to design and implement a management plan.
== Background ==
:Land managers have historically used one or more of a number of strategies to treat rangelands dominated by invasive plants.〔Krueger-Mangold, Jane M., Sheley, Roger L., and Svejcar, Tony J. "Toward ecologically-based invasive plant management on rangeland". Weed Science, 2006, 54:597-605, p. 597〕 Treatments may have included the use of herbicides, targeted grazing, seeding, controlled burning, biological controls, and any number of other rangeland management treatments.〔 The problem with simply applying treatments is that, while initially weeds are controlled, the treatment does not fix the underlying cause of the problem and the invasive species, more often than not, grow again within a short period of time.〔 The main reason for re-occurring weed infestations is that just applying treatments to control the weeds will likely have little-to-no influence on the ecological processes driving plant community change.〔 The EBIPM framework employs ecological principles and the practices land managers have experience in using to mend actual ecological processes that are in disrepair. This strategy has proven to provide more successful and sustainable invasive plant management.〔
:EBIPM is based on ecological succession which was originally theorized by Frederic Clements and explains the concept of plant community change over time.〔Clements, F. E. "Plant succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation". Washington, DC, USA: Carnegie Institution of Washington,Publication No. 242, 1916, p. 512〕 Steward T. A. Pickett furthered the theory into successional management by developing a hierarchical model that includes the causes for plant community change, the controlling ecological processes, and their modifying factors.〔Pickett, S. T. A, Collins, S. L., and Armesto, J. J. "Models, mechanisms, and pathways of succession". Botanical Review, 1987, 53:335–371.〕 This model for successional management proposes three general causes of plant community change: site availability, species availability, and species performance.〔
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